Public speaking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Public speaking - Assignment Example She pointed that the government could do something of the kind to accept all the oppressed people. The auditorium applauded when she finished but they didn’t listen to her answer and applauded only after the last words ‘Statue of Liberty’. The feedback of the audience wasn’t called by the core of her speech, but by the fact that need to somehow react. The negative feedback of the opponent of the main character was based on the personal hostility and shouldn’t be taken as a constructive critic. Speaking about the main character’s response to the opponent’s aggression, we should mention that as an argument pro her words that it was the 50th birthday. It wasn’t, actually, an argument or even an important fact. So, being in the same situation I would feel quite nervous and annoyed and react another way, for example - try to provide another argument. The girls started arguing on the field of their mutual dislike and provided the far-f etched arguments. So we can conclude that the feedback of the audience and the opponent wasn’t objective at

Types Of Cogeneration System

Types Of Cogeneration System Cogeneration which is also known as combined heat and power, can be described as two different forms of energy being generated from one single energy source. These two different forms of energy are usually thermal and mechanical energy. These two types of energy are then used for different functions. The mechanical energy is usually used to produce electricity through an alternator, or else to work rotating equipment such as compressors, motors or pumps. Thermal energy on the other hand can be used for the production of hot water, steam, hot air for dryers or also another typical use is for chilled water for process cooling. The main advantage of cogeneration is the overall efficiency of energy, which in some cases can be as high as 85 per cent. Another advantage of cogeneration is also the fact that it helps reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants. Therefore, cogeneration is basically the use of a heat engine or else an entire power station to generate both electrici ty and heat simultaneously. A fact is that all power plants emit a considerable amount of heat during the process of generating electricity. Therefore, by using this fact, cogeneration is used to capture and use some, or even in some cases all, of this emitted heat for heating purposes. Types of cogeneration systems These days, a number of different cogeneration systems are used, namely the following: Steam Turbine Cogeneration System Internal Combustion Engine Cogeneration System Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Steam Turbine Cogeneration System Two different types of cogeneration systems are widely used, which are: The backpressure steam turbine The extraction condensing type steam turbine One would have to make a distinct choice between the two. This choice depends on a number of factors, which include the quantities of power and heat, economic factors, as well as the quality of heat. Also, another type of steam turbine cogeneration system is the extraction back pressure turbine which is normally used where the end result needed in thermal energy at two different temperature levels. On the other hand, the condensing type steam turbines are usually used when the heat rejected from a process will be finally used to generate electricity. So why use steam turbines and not any other type of prime mover? This would give the user an option of using a large variety of conventional and alternate types of fuel, such as biomass, fuel oil, natural gas, as well as coal. In order to optimize heat supply, the power generation efficiency of the cycle in some cases may not be as good. Steam turbines are therefore mostly used in cases where the demand is greater than 1MW up to hundreds of MW. Therefore, due to the inertia in the system, steam turbines are not suitable for areas with intermittent demand. Internal Combustion Engine Cogeneration system When comparing to other cogeneration systems, this system has a higher power generation efficiency. The two sources of heat for recovery are the exhaust gas at high temperature as well as the engine jacket cooling water at a low temperature. This type of system is more widely used in areas and facilities which consume a small amount of energy because heat recovery is efficient for smaller systems. Therefore it is widely used in facilities which have a greater need for electricity than thermal energy and also in places where the quality of heat required is not high. Even though the most common type of fuel used is diesel, this type of system can also operate with natural gas or heavy fuel oil. Another fact about this type of system is that, unlike gas turbines, it is not sensitive to changes in ambient temperature, therefore this makes it an ideal machine to use for intermittent operation. Gas Turbine Cogeneration Systems Gas turbine cogeneration systems can be used to generate all or in some cases part of the actual requirement of energy needed by the plant. In this type of system, the energy released at high temperature through exhaust can be recovered and used for certain applications of heating and cooling. Even though the most common means of fuel used is natural gas, in some cases other fuels like light fuel oil and diesel are also used in such a system. The range of gas turbines usually varies between a few MW to 100MW. Due to certain factors such as a greater availability of natural gas, a big reduction in installation costs, greater environmental performance, as well as a fast and large progress in technology, gas turbine cogeneration systems are the best developed systems in recent years. The following are some advantages of using a gas turbine cogeneration system: Gas turbines have a short start up time Gas turbines provide flexibility of intermittent operation At high temperatures, more heat can recovered Also, in case of the heat output being less than what is required, and in order to ensure that the thermal output efficiency is kept high, natural gas is used by mixing additional fuel to the exhaust gas. In the case of more power being required at the site, it is also possible to use what is called a combined cycle, which entails a combination of both steam turbine and gas turbine cogeneration. The steam which is being generated from the exhaust gas of the gas turbine is passed through either a backpressure steam turbine or an extraction condensing type steam turbine, which in turn will generate more power. Also, the exhaust from the steam turbine will also provide an amount of required thermal energy. Classification of system How does one classify a cogeneration system? These systems are usually classified according to the sequence of energy use as well as the operating procedure used. Therefore, a cogeneration system can usually be classified as either one of the following: A topping cycle A bottoming cycle The system is known as a topping cycle when the fuel supplied is first used to produce power, and then later in the process to produce thermal energy. The thermal energy in the system is used to satisfy process heat or other thermal requirements. Topping cycle cogeneration is the most widely used type and is nowadays the most popular type of cogeneration system. On the other hand, in a bottoming cycle the primary fuel is used to produce thermal energy at a high temperature. The heat rejected in the process is then further used to generate power through a recovery boiler as well as a turbine generator. Nowadays, bottoming cycles are widely used for manufacturing processes that require heat at high temperatures in furnaces, and also reject heat as very high temperatures. Even though they are used in the list mentioned below, bottoming cycle plants are less common and not used as much as topping cycle plants. A bottoming cycle is used in the following types of plants: Cement industry Steel industry Ceramic industry Gas and petrochemical industry Topping Cycle Cogeneration Systems Combined Cycle http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/73nqb7y9fk14zby9/images/6-c5da667d2f.jpg Extract from http://www.scribd.com/doc/65871557/Cogeneration This type of system includes a gas turbine or diesel engine which produces electrical or mechanical power followed by a heat recovery system/boiler which is used to generate steam and drive a secondary steam turbine. Steam Turbine http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/73nqb7y9fk14zby9/images/6-c5da667d2f.jpg Extract from http://www.scribd.com/doc/65871557/Cogeneration This type of system generates electrical power as well as process steam by burning fuel to produce high pressure steam, which is then passed through a steam turbine to produce the power needed, as well as using the exhaust from the turbine as low pressure process steam. Internal Combustion Engine http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/73nqb7y9fk14zby9/images/6-c5da667d2f.jpg Extract from http://www.scribd.com/doc/65871557/Cogeneration This type of system includes heat recovery from an engine exhaust and jacket cooling system flowing to a heat recovery boiler, in which it is converted to process steam or hot water for further use. Gas Turbine http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/73nqb7y9fk14zby9/images/6-c5da667d2f.jpg Extract from http://www.scribd.com/doc/65871557/Cogeneration This type of system is known as a gas turbine topping system. A natural gas turbine drives a generator to produce electricity. The exhaust from the turbine is passed through a heat recovery boiler which is used to generate process steam as well as process heat. Bottoming Cycle System http://gotoknow.org/file/khunchailek/topping.gif Extract from http://www.gotoknow.org/blogs/posts/183558 In this type of system, fuel is burnt in a furnace to produce synthetic rutile, which is a mineral. The furnace produces waste gases which in turn are used in a boiler to generate steam. This steam is then used to drive a turbine to produce electricity through a generator. Selection of cogeneration system The following factors are taken into consideration when trying to select what type of cogeneration system should be used: Base electrical load matching Base thermal load matching Electrical load matching Thermal load matching Heat to power ratio The quality of thermal energy needed Load patterns Fuels available Trigeneration Trigeneration is known as the process of generating three different types of energy in a combined manner. These three different types of energy are electricity, heat and cooling. All these are simultaneously produced from a fuel source referred to as combined heat power and cooling. Therefore, in other words, trigeneration takes the process of cogeneration of heat and electricity to another level, with the utilization of wasteheat for purposes of cooling with the use of an absorption chiller. A trigeneration system is basically the integration of two types of technology, namely the cogeneration system as well as cooling technology which is done through compression or absorption systems. As mentioned earlier in the document, the two most widely used types of cogeneration are through gas reciprocating engines and combustion engines. Though, fuel cells are also being used in the integration of trigeneration. Natural gas, due to being reliable, having low environmental effects, having low maintenance costs, as well as being efficient, is currently the best fuel to use for trigeneration systems. It is also widely used due to the fact that it burns so efficiently in the combustion chamber ensuring lower emissions of pollutants whn compared to heavier fuels. As natural gas consists mainly of methane, it leads to lower emissions per unit of energy stored, as methane is a gas which consists of a very important characteristic, it has a high hydrogen to carbon ratio. According to the U.S. Department of  Energy in the year 2009, 2.5 billion tons of CO2 were emitted by power plants in the U.S., which correspond to 576g of CO2 per kWh.  [1]  Therefore by using trigeneration, companies and plants worldwide can have a major impact in reducing the amount of pollutants emitted. Trigeneration is considered a new type and way of generating power, which is becoming even more common in a number of countries which have a warm climate. This is due to the fact that in these countries the heating required is only needed in the winter season. Therefore a demand of electrical power, cooling as well as heating is needed in a number of different entities, such as: Universities Gyms Shopping malls Hospitals Public Buildings Manufacturing facilities Data centers A trigeneration plant is extremely similar to a cogeneration plant, the only difference being the addition of an absorption chiller, which is used to produce a cold flow using the heat recovered from the hot exhaust gases. Absorption chillers Absorption coolers are used to provide cooling using a liquid refrigerant and a heat source. By using heat, usually heat recovered from hot flue gases, absorption chillers provide cooling to buildings. The main advantages of using absorption chillers are that they use much less energy than conventional equipment as well as cooling plants and buildings without emitting harmful pollutants. The main difference between conventional electric chillers and absorption chillers is that whilst conventional electric chillers use mechanical energy in a vapor compression process to provide refrigeration, absorption chillers on the other hand use heat energy. Absorption chillers can be powered by waste heat, steam as well as natural gas. Therefore, an absorption chiller transfers thermal energy through a refrigerant from the heat source to the heat sink. Absorption systems are widely used in cooling, heating and power systems. When used with a micro turbine and engine driven generator, absorption chillers can use the waste from these components and use it to generate power, whilst also producing cooling for space conditioning. Absorption chillers therefore shift cooling in a building from an electric load to a thermal load. Different types of absorption chillers are as follows: Direct fired Indirect fired Single effect Double effect Triple effect Trigeneration is therefore a very attractive use in certain situations where all three (power, heating, cooling) needs are a must. A typical example is in production processes which demand cooling requirements. Therefore it is widely used in areas where electricity, heating as well as cooling are needed. It is important to realise that cogeneration was used in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation. Industries which generated their own power used to commonly use exhaust steam for process heating. Hotels, stores as well as large offices generated their own power and also heated up the building using waste steam. Cogeneration is still very common in certain industries, namely pulp and paper mills, chemical plants as well as refineries. In the  United States,  Con Edison  distributes 66 billion kilograms of 180  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °C steam each year through its seven cogeneration plants to 100,000 buildings in  Manhattan, the biggest steam district in the United States. The peak delivery is 10 million pounds per hour.  [2]   How does the New York steam system work? This system is a district heating system which uses steam from steam generating stations and is distributed under the streets of Manhattan. This steam is used to either heat, cool or supply power to a number of businesses as well as apartments and other types of buildings. In my opinion this is a great initiative and way of reducing the emission of pollutants as well as increasing the efficiency of fuel usage. Con Edison is also using trigeneration for cooling in the summer months through the use of absorption chillers, a system which further increases energy and pollution savings, whilst also reducing peak electrical loads.

Viriginia Woolf :: Author Viriginia Woolf feminism relationships

Viriginia Woolf (this essay has problems with the format) One of the greatest female authors of all time, Virginia Woolf, produced a body of writing respected worldwide. Driven by uncontrollable circumstances and internal conflict, her life was cut short by suicide. Her role in feminism, along with the personal relationships in her life, influenced her literary works. Virginia's relationships throughout her life contributed, not only to her literature, but the quality of her life as well. Perhaps the greatest influence in Virginia's life is her mother, Julia Stephen. "Julia Stephen was the most arresting figure which her daughter [Virginia Woolf] tried to resurrect and preserve" (Gordon 4). Woolf, a manic-depressive, found herself constantly searching for approval. "Virginia needed her mother's approval in order to 'measure her own stature" (Bond 38). Battling with a sense of worthlessness, Virginia's mother helped her temporarily rid herself of self-criticism and doubt. This however was short-lived. When Mrs. Stephen rejected Virginia, she felt her mother's disapproval directly related to the quality of her writing. "Virginia Woolf could not bear to reread anything she had written†¦ Mrs. Stephen's rejection of Virginia may have been the paradigm of her failure to meet her own standards" (Bond 39). With the death of her mother Woolf used her novel, To the Lighthouse to "reconstruct and preserve" the memories that still remained. According to Woolf, "the character of Mrs. Ramsey in To the Lighthouse was modeled entirely upon that of her mother" (Bond 27). This helped Virginia in her closure when dealing with the loss and obsession with her mother. Although Virginia clung to the relationship with her mother, she favored her father, Leslie Stephen. Virginia resembled her father uncannily in character traits, in her writing and self-doubts, in her great and malicious sense of humor, in her marriage, in her frugality, in her fear of aging, and in her social consciousness. (Bond 59) They were both extremely outspoken while sparing no one's feelings with their comments. Virginia and Leslie both had strong personalities and rapid mood changes. Woolf portrayed her father, like her mother, through characterization in To the Lighthouse. Mr. Ramsey captures her father as a man of "baffling mutability, a lightening switch from the m ost lovable of men, to a 'famished wolfhound' and back again" (Gordon 22). This portrayal of Leslie Stephens relates to his uncontrollable rages and mood swings. Leslie Stephen not only controlled Virginia's mental development, but her intellectual development as well.

How does Ridley Scott create and destroy gender stereotypes in Thelma and Louise?

In the 1991 film Thelma and Louise, the director Ridley Scott creates and destroys gender stereotypes successfully of that period in time and helps us to believe that the characters portrayed by Susan Surandon and Geena Davis were real. Here are a few examples of gender stereotypes: In the first scene of the movie, Thelma was in her kitchen wearing a frilly and flowery night gown and the phone was ringing and she called to her husband, â€Å"I'll get it.† This shows that Thelma is a house slave and Ridley Scott dipicts this as he films Thelma on a low angle and when Thelma's husband Darryl walks into the kitchen, he is filmed on a low angle to make him seem a lot bigger and fiercer than he really is. He is shown as already in his work uniform and this tells us that Thelma is a housewife and her entire day is pent locked up inside the house preforming chores. When Thelma is just about to ask Darryl if she can go for the weekend on a roadtrip with Louise, she got scared and ended up asking him if he wanted anything special for dinner that night. To which Darryl simply replies, â€Å"Thelma, I don't give fuck what we have for dinner tonight. I might not even make it home from work tonight.† This shows that Darryl is an unfaithful husband and is having an affair. Thelma suspects this and states, â€Å"it's funny how many people want to buy a carpet on a Friday night. You would have thought they would have forgotten about it for the weekend.† To that Darryl replies, â€Å"well it's a good thing your no regional manager then, and I am.† He then swings his keys around on his finger as if to say, I am better than you, you are worthless. The second scene I am going to describe is where Louise is at work in the diner that she work at and she is depicted as having her hair tied up in a neat bun, showing her as a couped up child who just wants to break free of her immaginary prison. She is wearing her usual uniform of a long white dress and apron. There is a pan shot of her at eye level moving across the diner serving people as she goes. This shows that women in this time cannot have highly paid jobs and they must either be a housewife or work in a dead end, minimum wage job where she does not get the respect that she deserves. The next scene I am going to describe is the scene in which Thelma is packing fro her road trip with Louise after Darryl had left to go to work. She had never had as much fun before and had never packed like it. She didn't know what she should take, so she just topples the contents of her drawers into many suitcases, she then looks in her bedside cabinet and takes out her earings and finds a revolver that Darryl had given her to protect herslef when he was a t work. Thelma takes the revolver out and holds it with her thumb and forefinger. This creates a gender stereotype as it shows that women aren't meant to hold guns. Thelma then drops it into one of her suitcases as if she didn't know the full capabilities of what damage the small silver thing in her hands could do. Later on in the movie, Thelma brings out the revlver when she is in Louise's car and turns to Louise and asks if Louise can take care of it. Louise replies shocked, â€Å"goddamnit Thelma, why in the hell did you brin g that?† To which Thelma replies, â€Å"snakes, bears, psycho killers. You never know what could happen, look can you take it? I don't even know how to use it.† â€Å"Well put it in my purse then,† Louise replies. This shows that Louise is a much stronger woman than Thelma and she had become tough after what happened to her in Texas. The last scene I am going to describe which creates gender stereotypes is the scene in the bar where Thelma and Louise are sitting at a table in a Western bar and the waitress walks up to them and asks if they would like andything to drink. The waitress is in the same conditions that Louise was in at the start of the movie in the diner. Louise states that she doesn't wnat any drinks, but Thelma orders two alcholholic drinks and the waitress nods and walks away. Louise looks surprised, â€Å"Thelma! I've never seen you like this, you're always so sedate!† â€Å"I've had it up to my ass with sedate!† Thelma smiles, â€Å"I just want to let my hair down.† This shows that Thelma is acting out of character and just wants to have fun. This is where the well dressed, well mannered, charming Harlan walks over to them. He is filmed on a very low angle. â€Å"Well hello ladies,† he says, â€Å"isn't this place a bit rough for bauties like you?† Thelma is flattered by the attention that Harlan gives her, but Louise doesn't buy it. She realises what Harlan is quickly as it shows a man just like him flattered her back in Texas. â€Å"Oh I'm sorry,† Louise states, â€Å"we're having private convorsation here.† â€Å"Oh right okay ladies,† Harlan says, visabaly dissapointed. Thelma holds him back, â€Å"no it's okay. He can stay.† The waitress returns and gives Thelma her drinks, â€Å"you're not bothering these poor girls are you Harlan?† â€Å"Nah,† Harlan replies, â€Å"I'm just being friendly.† â€Å"Your name's Harlan?† Thelma asks, â€Å"I had an uncle named Harlan.† Thelma then goes to dance with Harlan and he spins her aorund many times making her very dizzy and in need of fresh air. He is clearly taking advantage of her. Thelma states she need fresh air and Harlan takes her outside. Harlan then starts to take advantage of Thelma and then he says that he wont hurt her. This shows us that Harlan has no regard for Thelma's thoughts or feelings. Louise then bursts out of the bar holding the revolver that Thelma had put in her bag earlier and aims it at Harlan. Harlan just laughs and tells Louise to â€Å"suck his dick.† Louise then shoots Harlan in cold blood. This is the first real time that we get to see the gender stereotypes destroyed as women aren't supposed to show violence. Harlan's dead body is then shown at a high angle to show that his power and scariness from before had been torn away in an instant. Here is the second point of Ridley Scott's use of destroying gender stereotypes. This is the scene where Thelma and Louise meet up with young hustler JD and he asks for a ride. They drive with him and drop him off in the middle of a rainy city. Later on in the evening, JD knocks on Thelma's motel door and the two make passionate love. Then in the morning Thelma goes to see Louise at a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and they talk and Louise realises that JD must've stolen their money that Jimmy had given to Louise, the two women run back to their motel room frantically to find it ransacked and the money stolen. Louise collapses into tears as her last piece of energy and moral sense of dignity are shattered. Thelma then takes control and is filmed on a high angle to signify that know she is taking control. The old Thelma is gone and the new Thelma has taken her place. The new Thelma is the sort of Thelma who will do anything to survive. The next scene I am going to describe is the scene where Thelma and Louise stop to get a cup of coffee and when the two of them get back into the car, Thelma states that she is going to go and get some gum, so she takes Louise's handbag with the pistol still in it and goes into the nearest convenience store. When Thelma goes into the store, she pulls out the revolver and shouts to everyone, â€Å"good morning ladies and gentlemen, this is a robbery, now if nobody loses their head then no one will lose their head.† She then steals all the money from the till and runs out of the store shouting to Louise, â€Å"drive Louise! Go† â€Å"A store? You robbed a store?† Louise asks pedantically. â€Å"Well we needed the money didn't we? Now drive!† Thelma replies. This breaks the stereotype that all women must abide by the law at all times. The second to last scene I am going to describe is the scene where Thelma and Louise are driving through the desert when a police officer flags them down for speeding. The officer then take Louise back to his car and starts calling his colleagues. Louise asks if she is in trouble and the officer nods, big trouble. Thelma then appears at the officer's window and smiles at him and starts to flirt. The officer asks sternly for Thelma to return to her car, but Thelma produces the revolver and points it at the officer's head and demands for Louise to take his gun and shoot out the radio which she does, but then Thelma corrects her and says the police radio. This shows that although this is a dark film, Ridley Scott adds in a piece of comic relief. Thelma and Louise lead the distressed police officer to the trunk of his vehicle where Thelma shoots two air holes into the trunk and instructs the officer to get inside at which point the officer bursts into tears and Thelma asks him if he had a wife to which the officer nods. Thelma smiles and tells him, â€Å"you be nice to her. My husband wasn't nice to me and look how I ended up.† On which note, Thelma slams the lid shut upon the officer. The last scene I am describing is the scene at the end of the movie where Thelma and Louise have been evading the police successfully for a fair few minutes which breaks the stereotype that women are bad drivers, but they eventually get captured on the edge of the Grand Canyon. Behind Louise's convertible is about twenty police cars, a helicopter and at least forty heavily armed officers. The helicopter lands and a few suited FBI Agents get out, one of which is the one man in the forces who believes Thelma and Louise's story. Thelma turns to Louise and tells her she can't go back to the way she used to be as she had loved the experience. Louise nods and turns on the engines despite the officer's warnings of opening fire if they did not give themselves up to be arrested. Louise slams the car forward toward the edge of the Grand Canyon. The only FBI Agent that believes them sprints after them so that the police will not fire. He shouts trying to stop them, but Thelma and Louise are adamant. Their car flies off of the edge of the Grand Canyon and the screen flashes with images of the past two days adventure. In conclusion I believe that Ridley Scott provides the audience with a thrilling and extremely realistic insight into the sexism and gender stereotyping that was around in America at the time of the film's release. I believe that this film teaches a lesson to all American men who were racist at the point of the film's release.

Free Essays on Describe The Religious Pendillum From Henry VIII To Elizabeth

Describe the religious pendulum from Henry VIII to Elizabeth Kim Moreland Arthur’s death meant that Henry now had a claim to the throne in 1509. Henry was announced as king at only 17 years of age. During this period England was in a time were people kept and carried out their own opinions about religion, this was as the previous king was no strong follower of religion. This however, was on the verge of changing now that Henry a strong Catholic was now in control. Early into his reign Henry married his late brothers widow Catherine of Aragon, he was forced to carry out this action in order to keep in close relations with Spain. Henry was in need of a son, if he was to put his mind at rest that he would be able to pass on the responsibility of king to one of his offspring. Catherine fell pregnant but did not produce him a son, she gave birth to soon to be ‘bloody’ Mary. Henry applied for a divorce but was denied this as the catholic pope did not believe in divorces. Whilst still married to Catherine Henry fell in love with a young Anne Boleyn. Henry began referring to himself as Cesar and soon the Catholic churches were forced to give into his requirements and so Henry was divorced from Catherine and free to marry Anne Boleyn. England was now a catholic country and Henry was the keen leader in this reformation. The pope was not seen as important as the King in England and so, this being a very big ego booster, Henry saw himself as the main leader of all the churches as well as the country. Before Henry’s reign all bibles were written in Latin until one man William Tyndale translated it into English. These bibles were banned from all the churches but still, people kept trying to smuggle these bibles into the churches. Tyndale and his bible were seen as a threat to the churches and to Henry. Due to the new English bible people could now make their own decisions and opinions about the bible and priests were no longe... Free Essays on Describe The Religious Pendillum From Henry VIII To Elizabeth Free Essays on Describe The Religious Pendillum From Henry VIII To Elizabeth Describe the religious pendulum from Henry VIII to Elizabeth Kim Moreland Arthur’s death meant that Henry now had a claim to the throne in 1509. Henry was announced as king at only 17 years of age. During this period England was in a time were people kept and carried out their own opinions about religion, this was as the previous king was no strong follower of religion. This however, was on the verge of changing now that Henry a strong Catholic was now in control. Early into his reign Henry married his late brothers widow Catherine of Aragon, he was forced to carry out this action in order to keep in close relations with Spain. Henry was in need of a son, if he was to put his mind at rest that he would be able to pass on the responsibility of king to one of his offspring. Catherine fell pregnant but did not produce him a son, she gave birth to soon to be ‘bloody’ Mary. Henry applied for a divorce but was denied this as the catholic pope did not believe in divorces. Whilst still married to Catherine Henry fell in love with a young Anne Boleyn. Henry began referring to himself as Cesar and soon the Catholic churches were forced to give into his requirements and so Henry was divorced from Catherine and free to marry Anne Boleyn. England was now a catholic country and Henry was the keen leader in this reformation. The pope was not seen as important as the King in England and so, this being a very big ego booster, Henry saw himself as the main leader of all the churches as well as the country. Before Henry’s reign all bibles were written in Latin until one man William Tyndale translated it into English. These bibles were banned from all the churches but still, people kept trying to smuggle these bibles into the churches. Tyndale and his bible were seen as a threat to the churches and to Henry. Due to the new English bible people could now make their own decisions and opinions about the bible and priests were no longe...

English Test Options for ESL Students

English Test Options for ESL Students Students need to take English tests, as well as other tests! Of course, learners need to take English tests at school, but they are often required to take English tests such as the TOEFL, IELTS, TOEIC or FCE. In a number of instances, you can decide which English test to take. This guide will help you begin to choose the best English test to take for your English learning needs and goals for both further education and career. Each of the major English tests is discussed and point towards more resources to study and prepare for these all important English tests. To begin with, here are the major tests and their full titles:   TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign LanguageIELTS - International English Language Testing SystemTOEIC - Test of English for International CommunicationFCE - First Certificate in EnglishCAE - Certificate in   Advanced EnglishBULATS - Business Language Testing Service These English tests are created by two companies that dominate the English learning system word wide: ETS and the University of Cambridge. TOEFL and TOEIC are provided by ETS and IELTS, FCE, CAE, and BULATS are developed by the University of Cambridge. ETS ETS stands for Educational Testing Service. ETS provides the TOEFL and the TOEIC test of English. It is an American company with headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey. ETS tests focus on North American English and computer based. Questions are almost exclusively multiple choice and ask you to choose from four choices based on information you have read, heard or have to deal with in some manner. Writing is also tested on the computer, so if you have difficulties typing you may have difficulties with these questions. Expect North American accents on all listening selections. University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge based in Cambridge, England is responsible for a wide range of English exams. However, the main international tests that are discussed in this overview are the IELTS the FCE and the CAE. For business English, the BULATS is also an option. Currently, the BULATS is not as popular as the other tests, but that may change in the future. The University of Cambridge is a dominate force in the entire English learning world, producing many English learning titles, as well as administering tests. Cambridge exams have a wide variety of question types including multiple choice, gap-fill, matching, etc. You will hear a wider variety of accents on University of Cambridge exams, but they tend towards British English. Your Objective The first and most important question to ask yourself when choosing your English test is: Why do I need to take an English test? Choose from the following for your answer: I need to take an English test for study at UniversityI need to take an English test to get a job or improve my careerI want to improve my overall skills in English, but not necessarily for a purpose such as getting a better job or going to a university Study for University If you need to take an English test for study at a university or in an academic setting you have a few choices. To focus solely on academic English, take the TOEFL or the IELTS academic. Both are used as qualifications for entrance into universities. There are some important differences. Many universities around the world now accept either test, but they are more common in certain countries. TOEFL - Most common exam for study in North American (Canada or United States)IELTS - Most common exam for study in Australia or New Zealand FCE and CAE are more general in nature but are often requested by universities throughout the European Union. If you live in the European Union, the best choice is either the FCE or the CAE. Free TOEFL Exam PreparationFree IELTS Exam PreparationFCE Exam PreparationCAE Exam Preparation Resources Study for Career If career motivations are the most important reason in your choice of English test, take either the TOEIC or the IELTS general test. Both of these tests are requested by many employers and test an understanding of English as used in the workplace, as opposed the academic English which is tested in the TOEFL and IELTS academic. Also, the FCE and CAE are excellent tests for developing overall English language skills in a wide range of areas. If your employer is not specifically asking for the TOEIC or the IELTS general, I would highly recommend considering the FCE or CAE. Free IELTS Exam Preparation General English Improvement If your goal in taking an English test is to improve your overall English, I would highly recommend taking the FCE (First Certificate in English) or, for more advanced learners, the CAE (Certificate in Advanced English). In my years of teaching English, I find these tests to be most representative of English usage skills. They test all aspects of English learning and the English tests themselves are very reflective of how you would use English in everyday life. Special Note: Business English If you have worked for a number of years and want to improve your English skills exclusively for Business purposes, the BULATS exam administered by the University of Cambridge is by far the best choice. For more information from the provider of these tests you can visit the following sites: TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language IELTS - International English Language Testing System TOEIC - Test of English for International Communication FCE - First Certificate in English CAE - Certificate in   Advanced English BULATS - Business Language Testing Service

Accounting assigment (Depreciation Memo) Assignment

Accounting assigment (Depreciation Memo) - Assignment Example To get the depreciation amount, subtract the scrap value from the cost of the machine and then divide it by the useful life of the machine (Weil, Schipper, and Francis, 2012). This method is simple to use. Its calculations are easy as the same amount of depreciation applies for each year. There is, therefore, no need for recalculating the value again unless there is a revaluation of the asset. It is also easy to forecast future income since you already know what your depreciation will be (Weil, Schipper, and Francis, 2012). The method tends to ignore the fact that assets lose value faster during the first years of use. Since the method applies uniform depreciation on the asset throughout its life, it may give a higher book value than the actual value. In later years, the asset may seem to offer more value than it gives. That is if depreciation is to form the basis of the assessment. Under this method, depreciation of an asset depends on the level of activity during that period. A period where the output level is high would record higher depreciation values comparative to years with low production. To get the amount of depreciation, divide the depreciable amount by the total expected units the machine would produce in its lifetime and then multiply the answer by the period’s production (Weil, Schipper, and Francis, 2012). The units-of-production method produces the closest estimate of depreciation to actual depreciation. Since it uses activity level as a basis for determination of depreciation, it fairly allocates depreciation to the periods as per the usage of the asset. In so doing, it matches the depreciation expense to revenue generated by the asset. In periods where there is no activity, there would be no depreciation. That is despite the fact that the asset would still lose value. The method may also not be applicable to assets whose relationship to production is not direct and hence will not depend on activity level. Assets such as