The Evolution Vs. Creationism Conflict Essay Example For Students

The Evolution Vs. Creationism Conflict Essay (This is an inquiry that I wrote for a high school composition class use it for reference, but I wouldnt recommend or appreciate it being submitted into a proffesor.)The merits of the arguments between the theory of evolution and the belief in creationism is a topic that has bestirred an interest in me for several years. I think that most people have an opinion on the topic or are trying to form one. An example of this is the Christian fish that emphasizes a creationist view found on the back of many cars. In contradiction, there is a growing response to this emblem by people who publicize their evolutionist views by posting a fish with ?Darwin? written on the inside and feet on the bottom. This strikes me as an interesting controversy that everyone can and should know more about. I have acquired basic opinions on the topic that have come from both viewpoints which leaves me with the struggle of establishing my own belief. Sources that have influenced me before I began investigating the topic include Christian religion, school, my parents, media, and my peers. When I began investigating the subject, I found extensive information full of particular evidence. However, the viewpoints are generally conservative and are strictly either for evolution or for creationism. This inquiry will hopefully illustrate an overview of the ongoing debate. We will write a custom essay on The Evolution Vs. Creationism Conflict specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Most people view the theory of evolution as being a feasible explanation of how life became what is today. Evolution is a theory that the various organisms are descended from others that lived in earlier times and that the differences are due to inherited changes that occurred over many generations. It must be realized that evolution is a theory and cannot be considered a fact. Even though its roots are from Greek anatomists, the theory of evolution came to light in 1859 when Charles Darwin published his book The Origin of Species, which dealt with natural selection. Since then, scientists have been continually searching for proof for the theory through research and experimentation. Some of the topics that are associated with proving the theory are fossil records, carbon-14 dating, and DNA testing. These are also noted as part of phylogenetic systematics, which is the term used for classifying and understanding the relationships and history among species of the past and present. Natu ral selection, or ?survival of the fittest?, is the mechanics of evolution. Natural selection deals with the dying of weaker offspring of an organism, and the survival of the stronger offspring. When a strong organism survives, its dominent genes are passed on to its offspring. Over time, these genes will lead to mutations, which allow a species to adapt as they slowly move to different environments or other natural change. This is a broad interpretation of how evolutionists explain, for instance, sea creatures becoming land creatures. Evolutionists believe that life began on earth when chemicals combined to produce the first cell. Throughout the course of millions of years, single cell organisms arose to life as it known today. Fundamentally, evolution is based on scientific reasoning and experimentation. As with most sciences, inaccuracies do occur through new discoveries and the theory of evolution must be rethought. Creationism deals with the theory that the world was created in a brief amount of time by a higher being. Creationism has been the way humans explain the making of the earth and the inhabitants on it for thousands of years. This has been depicted through ancient hieroglyphs, stories, and popular mythology. Although almost every culture, ethnicity, and religion that has ever believed in a higher being has its own creation story, I will be focusing on the popular fundamentalist Christian version. These creationists believe that the entire cosmos, the Earth and all its creatures, were created by God in six days between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago as described in the old testaments book of Genesis. They believe that geological records were laid down as a result of a worldwide flood. Most creationists disagree with a majority of the scientific theories used to prove evolution. They believe that life was presented all at once in nearly the same complex forms that are seen today. That is to say, that there were no changes from simplistic to more advanced life forms as suggested by evolution. Furthermore, it is believed that fossils of pre-historic species that no longer exist are just examples of extinction and not the ancestors of an evolved species. Creationists generally use common sense to disprove science and present their theory. More extreme creationists believe that those who believe in evolution hate God. Creationism is the fundamental belief that most people have wrestled with in the past and is still a very strong force today. There are many reasons for evolutionists and creationists to be in conflict with each other. Many creationists hold a sense of loyalty to their holy doctrines and fear that abandoning belief in them would prove that their religion is false. Conflict is feasible because it has been implausible for science to come up with indisputable evidence for evolution. Or possibly, it is complete ignorance on the creationist standpoint that creates conflict. It could be that creationists are uneducated and simply refuse to accept new, contradicting evidence because their fundamentalist belief shuts the door on science in exchange for supreme being power. Perhaps science needs to recognize that a supreme being was indeed partly or wholly responsible for the creation of life and earth. Conflict will continue until society can grasp a coherence among the two beliefs. How can science reconcile itself with the long history of creationism and become an accepted theory of the origin of life and earth? T his question is important to the continued acceptance of research advances in science and to the validation of religious beliefs in the face of new scientific discoveries. .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 , .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .postImageUrl , .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 , .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3:hover , .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3:visited , .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3:active { border:0!important; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3:active , .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3 .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud060291fd6a78f16c20545e5be425ab3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fahrenheit 451 Brave New World EssayIn the July 1998 issue of The Herald of Christs Kingdom, an article titled ?The Creation-Evolution Controversy? argues that the Genesis story stands up well against the Darwinian theory. The article questions Darwins theory that all species grew from a single cell through mutation and natural selection. It points out that if all species were to grow from a single living cell, then science is yet to produce fossils showing links between the species such as from reptiles to birds. Even when looking at development of embryos, the article concedes that five digits develop on human fingers, birds wings, and fish fins; but all come from diffe rent types of cells and develop at different rates for entirely different uses. The Herald attributes these differences to a divine creator. Natural selection or ?the survival of the fittest? is characterized in this article as the ability to survive without any upward progression or genetic changing. Natural selection is likened to a function of the environment in which a species lives. In the final analysis, the article purposes that the body is a very complex organism with many separate and difficult processes which could only be attributed to Gods intelligence in creating life. The Citizens for the Ten Commandments published an essay entitled ?Evolution is Wrong and Deceptive.? They state that the evolution theory is a massively deceptive fable seeking to describe the creation of this world and its inhabitants. ?Evolution is a strange, broad, irrational, and disconnected conjecture made up from a mind full of hatred for God.? The article suggests that most things in life go downhill without human interaction, but evolution suggests that things arrange themselves for the better and create a stable unity between everything. The authors state that there is no proof in evolution and they dismiss the theory that humans evolved from ape-like beings. Species are the way that they are because God made them that way. These creationists state the similarities in creatures are simply just similarities and have nothing to do with evolution. The goal of evolution is to clear away evidence of a divine creation and replace it with a ludicrous alternative, which dishonors God with its deception. In his article ?Science Teaching, and the Search for Origins,? Kenneth R. Miller states that evolution can be compatible with traditional religious beliefs. In fact, most western religions have long since accommodated Darwin within their views of human and biological origins. Nonetheless, many religious people still feel that the findings of evolution are hostile to religion. A typical argument is that evolution is too unpredictable and involves an element of chance, which a loving creator could not have used in creating our species. Miller refutes that the unpredictability of evolution results from the contingent nature of any historical process and unpredictable forces on human and natural affairs was an essential feature of any creation by a loving God. Unpredictability sets creation apart in distinction from its creator and the only alternative would be a strict determination of our future at the creators will. Another argument of religious people is that evolution is too cruel. The repeated cycles of bloody competition and extinction are too cruel to be compatible with divine purpose and plan. Miller again argues that evolution is not so cruel that it cannot be compatible with the notion of a loving God. Competition in species for existence is also matched by involvement of cooperation and care that shows extraordinary beauty. The final objection of evolution by religious people is that evolution is too indirect. If the Creators purpose was to create us, why would he not have done so directly? Why was it necessary to produce so many worlds, so many different species, all destined for extinction? Miller states that the indirectness of evolution is exactly comparable to the indirectness of historical, social, and even linguistic change, and yet none of these is incompatible with the concept of divine will and purpose. Miller claims that even to a traditional believer, evolutionary biology is not the obstacle that we often think it is. He believes that scienc e and religion can coexist and actually strengthen each other to help us understand the wonders of nature. American Atheists president, Ellen Johnson says that creationism is an unacceptable explanation for the existence of the human species because it has no basis in science whereas there is no dispute among reputable scientists about the scientific basis of evolutionary theory. Due to the scientific basis of evolution it should be included in public education, but creationism shouldnt. Lacking scientific evidence to support their story creationists resort to subterfuge to promote their theology. They suppress competitive ideas and camouflage theology as a pseudo science. Creationists argue that if evidence for evolution is taught, then the evidence against it should also be taught. The problem with that is there is no scientific evidence against evolution. Johnson ends by noting that religiously motivated ignorance may be comforting, but actual knowledge of our past will allow Homo sapiens to survive and thrive. My next source written by evolutionist Scott Anderson, is titled ?Creation and Scientific Logic.? Anderson explains that creationism demands that the logic of the scientific method be abandoned in favor of whatever logic one might be able to scrape out of the Bible. Creationism suggests that all planetary, biological, historical, and astronomical evidence that coincides with evolutionary theory have been misinterpreted. Anderson questions how all of this evidence could be so wrong when it all seems to fit together so well. He states that creationists still have to prove that science is wrong before they can begin postulating how the errors persisted for so long. To replace evolution with creationism would mean throwing away all data about the age of the universe, psychological testing data, athropology, archaeology, and biology. In short, thousands of theories and millions of tidbits of knowledge would need to be ignored in favor of magic and mysticism. Doing this would take us straight back to the Dark Ages of civilization. .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe , .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .postImageUrl , .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe , .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe:hover , .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe:visited , .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe:active { border:0!important; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe:active , .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24e4f49a073fcccfb0143849cf1166fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fahrenheit 451 - Symbolism EssayBarry Williams, editor of The Skeptic, an Australian magazine, states that believing or not believing in a God isnt a precondition for being a scientist. Many scientists believe in God and are therefore strengthened in their understanding of the working universe. These scientists believe that a god set into motion all of the complex interactions that made the universe and this doesnt defy scientific laws. He stated that the Bible doesnt make any reference to evolution or any other fundamentals in understanding nature and science. This science wouldnt have any meaning to the writers in a society two to three thousand years ago. Williams goes on to say that the creationists deity magically created everything, but isnt intelligent enough to conceive anything as complex as evolution. He then asked that having ?created man in his image?, why did this god decide to include a brain in humans? Williams concluded that creationists are entitled to their views, but should not expect to have them taken seriously. The sources that I have gathered have perspectives from three categories: evolution is correct, creationism is correct, and creationism and evolution can agreeably coexist. The article from The Herald disputes evolution by pointing out some of its scientific flaws, but also addresses basic creationist views. Since the article puts some factual evidence against evolution, it is one of the more credible sources on creationism that I reported from. The article ?Evolution is Wrong and Deceptive? is a work of complete arrogance. It states that there isnt proof for evolution, but it fails to give examples. The authors are evide ntly very fundamentalist and are not open to acknowledging other opinions besides their own. The article ?Science, Teaching, and the Search for Origins? addressed my research question on how evolution and creationism can coexist. Although the basis of the article was worthy, it was biased towards evolution theory and the arguments were not that definite. Ellen Johnsons report on why evolution should be included in public education was brief and to the point. Johnson clearly illustrated that evolution is worthier since it includes science. This argument is common sense, but Johnson made a good approach at the content, using public education. The article ?Creation and Scientific Logic? puts in perspective what a full acceptance of creationism would mean for scientific data. This article does a good job of showing that evolution and creationism can not coexist. The essay by Barry Williams began with some good statements, but quickly went into God-bashing statements which most extreme e volutionists feel they need to allude to. The probability of evolutionists and creationists coming to an agreement any time soon is not great. Even if one of the theories is proven correct, extremists will still argue over their position. The only people who do think there can be coexistence are those who are less educated on the topic. A popular opinion that I share with these people is that evolution has and is happening as scientists believe, but at the fate of a higher being. An example of this belief is that when non-organic chemicals came together to form the first living cell, as scientists give credence to, there was a deity involved. One way that evolution might gain more acceptance is the decline of religion in society. Since most creationism is based off of religion, which is declining in participation from generation to generation, more people might turn to science. Creationism would require a supernatural occurrence to turn evolutionists over to accepting it as fact. The opposition between the theory of evolutio n and the belief in creationism is in an idle balance, and without any extravagant changes in evidence or approach, it will be for an extensive time. BibliographyJohnson, Ellen. ?Creationism in the Classroom.? ABC News.com. 1999. http://abcnew.go.com/sections/us.TakingSides/takingsides2.htmlAnderson, Scott. ?Creationists and Scientific Logic.? http://www.onthenet.com.au/~stear/creationists_and_scientific_logic.htmMiller, Kenneth R. ?Science Teaching, and the Search for Origins.? April 14, 2000. http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/evolution/science/kennethmiller.htm?The Creation-Evolution Controversy.? The Herald. July-August 1998. http://heraldmag.org/98ja_10.htm?Evolution is Wrong and Deceptive.? Citizens for the Ten Commandments. 1997. http://www.hom.net/~angels/evolution.htmlWilliams, Barry. ?Science and Religion are Compatible.? http://www.onthenet.com.au/~stear/letterfrombarry.htm

A Study On Digital Computer Technology Information Technology Essays

A Study On Digital Computer Technology Information Technology Essays A Study On Digital Computer Technology Information Technology Essay A Study On Digital Computer Technology Information Technology Essay Computer engineering is a normal comrade and phenomenon in our modern day-to-day life. In fact, it is difficult to conceive of how to wake up every forenoon and travel through the whole twenty-four hours without the helper from computing machine engineering. We seem excessively dependent on this engineering for work, instruction, amusement and even for societal ground. . However, non many of us really realize that computing machine engineering is besides a dual border blade. Equally much as it positively contributes figure of goodness in our progress civilisation, it besides introduces a batch of possible togss and hazards. Surveies shows that combination of computing machines and internet entree create flexible resource for all types of information that allow more schools trade from a text edition to wireless laptop computing machine engineering ( Polman, J. 2006 ) . However, computing machine engineering is non ever work outing a job but besides create a job itself which can put on the line and menace the quality of human life. Vacca J.R ( 2009 ) emphasizes on the importance of computing machine security as we already witness a batch of computing machine security onslaught runing from virus, worm, Trojan, individuality larceny and besides raging book kiddies since early 1980s to late 2000s. Lehtinen. Rick ( 2006 ) besides emphasis on computing machine security as he explains in his article that in 2003 entirely, computing machine security become a critical issue when it cost commercial industries to lost 100s of 1000000s which finally becomes chief subscriber to commercial offense. Therefore, people should be warned about the potency of computing machine engineering hazards and be advised on how to take safeguard stairss in order to avoid unwanted incidents which lead to this paper principle as below. Civilization of homo has revolutionized by the being of computing machine engineering that helped them to better quality of life without realizes the effects of the engineering itself to the person, society, and authorities. Today, bulk of plants in sector industry solve complex job utilizing distributed calculating such as work outing unstable dynamic job, natural catastrophe prognosis and work outing D.N.A protein construction that calculate million algorithms in one procedure. Meanwhile, the radio engineering helps learning method in instruction. Yet, our day-to-day life besides uses a computing machine engineering such as personal computing machine, nomadic phone and unreal engineering that assist human to better their day-to-day life. However, some of the computing machine applications besides have hazards which influence person to be inactive in term of behaviour such as computing machine games addict, lost involvement in instruction and less interaction in societal life. Furthermore, this engineering helps public to avoid traffic jam and allow authorities to command transit to be more efficient such as aero plane path and air traffic. On the other manus, the hazard of the accident can go on to pub lic if computing machine virus such as worm infected their system. Last but non least, growing of economic system, security and industry development can be improved through cyberspace engineering. Unfortunately, this engineering besides introduces new offenses known as cyber war and cyberspace terrorist act which exploits a virus and illegal entree into unauthorised computing machine including the authorities mainframe and waiter. Therefore, this research is conducted to demo all possible positions between the deduction of computing machine engineering, part of computing machine engineering to single, community and society which bring us to discourse whether the usage of computing machine engineering gives positive and negative position by reacting to the undermentioned inquiry: To detect computing machine engineering parts in current civilisation. To look into current and possible hazards of computing machine engineering that may endanger human life. To happen out the safeguard needed to be taken to avoid or extinguish computing machine engineering hazard and menace. Therefore, based on these three pillars of aims, a comprehensive literature reappraisal is conducted in order to happen groundss, facts and supports for this research paper. Literature Review Computer Contribution The desire and enticement to make a machine that could calculate and work out mathematical job already started since 17th century. However due to miss of supportive innovation such as electromechanical and electronic engineerings, all old efforts neer able to run into their nonsubjective until late of twentieth century where foremost electronic computing machine made it first visual aspect. This become the new morning of electronic computing machine engineering epoch. Harmonizing to Matthew and Clarence ( n.d ) research paper, coevals of computing machine engineering could be divided into five coevalss. The first coevals one is started when ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) was invented by an electrical applied scientist J.Presper Eckert and physicist John W. Mauchly in 1942. Mathew et.al besides claim that ENIAC is the really first general intent electronic computing machine which use 1000s of vacuity tubings therefore make the size of this first computing mac hine is mammoth, undependable and unrealistically expensive. This undertaking was funded by United State military in order to assist them cipher missile projection for World War II uses. EDVAC, UNIVAC and IBM 702 besides fall within this coevals of computing machine. In order to better first coevals computing machine dependability and to convey down its monetary value to acceptable degree, semiconducting material engineering was invented. By utilizing this engineering alternatively of vacuity tubing, 2nd coevals of computing machine engineering was born in late fiftiess. Mathew et.al besides province that 2nd coevals of computing machine uses magnetic tape as storage alternatively of pluging card. Magnetic tape could hive away several times more information and informations per unit size comparison to automatically pluging card. Therefore 2nd coevals of computing machine such as UNIVAC III is more dependable, able to hive away more informations significantly and is much cheaper to b e made. These consequences to early acceptances in good set up scientific institutes to work out cold algorithm job. Third coevals computing machine exist between 1969 and 1977 where integrated circuit engineering is widely available. Mathew et.al explains that with the aid of incorporate circuit engineering, 100s of electronic elements could be placed on a little Si bit. This is a immense promotion because in first coevals of computing machine, every individual electronic component is represented by a vacuity tubing which is every bit big as shoe box. But, with the debut of this engineering, a room size of vacuity tubing could be fitted in a piece of Si bit non larger than a lucifer box. This consequence computing machine to go manner smaller than it was in first and 2nd coevals epoch. IBM 370, DEC PDP-8 and UNIVAC 1108 were among the most good established computing machine mainframe for this coevals. Matthew et.al besides states that computing machine mainframe, terminus or workst ation and Wide Area Network start to rule instruction institutes and big corporations in intent to work out mission critical undertaking. ARPANET was developed by US authorities as anchor web to complect research research labs and universities mainframe so scientists could interchange informations and information faster than conventional postal method. This ARPANET engineering finally evolves to be world-wide web which we recognize now as the Internet. Succeeding to this integrated circuit engineering, VLSI ( Very Large Integrated Circuit ) was invented hence 4th coevals of computing machine engineering was born in the 1980s. VLSI engineering allows many 1000s of electronic elements to be cramped in a little piece of silicon bit as being explain by Mathew et.al as The VLSI engineering greatly increased the circuit denseness. VLSI engineering allows computing machine chief memory or technically known as ultra-high entree memory unit to be attached to computing machine internal syst em. This make 4th coevals of computing machine is really antiphonal yet manner cheaper and smaller to be made comparison to old coevals of engineering. IBM produced IBM PC while Apple Computer introduce Apple Macintosh personal computing machine in early 1980s. Both types of computing machines still evolve and exist until today without many changes to its original construct. These computing machines to a great extent populated school, university, office, mill and even place because of their very inexpensive monetary value, dependable, long lasting and comparatively high public presentation for day-to-day work. Notebook, laptop and personal digital aid computing machine besides fall into this coevals of computing machine. Fifth coevals of computing machine is the latest but still on early phase. This computing machine engineering promises a whole new attack in the context of how human and computing machine interact. Oppose to older coevals of computing machine where computing machine is a tool for human, 5th coevals of computing machine is designed to work with human collaboratively and unobtrusively. Electro-mechanical device such as automaton usage embedded computing machine bit as its encephalon. This bit is loaded with progress and complex algorithm known as Artificial Intelligent ( AI ) to execute its responsibility base on its ain logical thought without any expressed direction by human. This statement is supported by Mathew et.al in their survey which they write The race is now on constructing the following or 5th coevals of computing machines, machines that exhibit unreal intelligence. Therefore new coevalss of computing machines will affect robotics and computing machine webs. Mainzer. K. ( p.2-3, 1998 ) besides agree on the thought that current computing machine engineering is all about unreal intelligent which is focus on knowledge-processing system alternatively of number-crunching machine. He recognizes this coevals of computing machine as 2nd age of computing machine engineering. If these two documents are concluded, it is obvious that the first age of computing machine system is where computing machine is a tool and number-processing machine. This engineering is represented by first to 4th coevals of computing machine harmonizing to Mathew et.al. Second age computing machine shows that computing machine is no longer a human tools alternatively it is really a human unreal aid. Therefore, it is undeniable fact that computing machine engineering contributes a batch in our modern society and engineering dependent life. Zomaya A.Y. , ( 2005 ; 20-21 ) emphasizes that computing machine engineering responsible to exponentially increases in human productiveness. Comput er engineering constituent such as personal computing machine, web and embedded hardware become cardinal tools for research worker and maker. The Internet which besides a sub-component of computing machine engineering change the manner people work, exchange information and do concern. Renyanky L. ( 2009 ) explains that in between 1970s and 1980s academic community treat the Internet as a forum enabling societal and informations exchange networking. This is quickly alterations in 1990s where the Internet already accessible by public. The Internet starts to go a medium to carry on concern either in the signifier of e-commerce or as portals of information associating to makers merchandises. Experts call this as web 1.0. In the 2000s, the Internet evolves once more which is known as web 2.0. The promotion in computing machine and web engineering allow fast informations transportation and content rich web sites. These consequences to the manner information are shared in the cyberspace wh ich are more media centric and dynamic. Social networking website such as Facebook become an embodiment for fast paced citizen to remain in touch with their friends and household and picture streaming website go a new signifier of amusement which antecedently dominated by telecasting. The manner authorities sector regulations any state besides start to alter. They need to be more crystalline because of the openness of cyberspace engineering which allow blogger to shout out their sentiment and leak sensitive information to the public anonymously. Renyanky L. besides stresses in his article that biometric engineerings ; such as face acknowledgment system should be used to avoid cultural classification of people in security pattern ( p.44 ) . This will guarantee any informations and intelligent information collected is non jeopardized by any signifier of favoritism as computing machine public presentation does nt affected by any emotional job. In medicine field Windham, C. ( 2007 ) bel ieves the outgrowth of nanorobot helps to bring around diseases and increase human quality of life. Nanorobot has the ability to take barriers to the circulatory system, kill malignant neoplastic disease and command subcellular cell organs in medicine intervention. Because of nanorobot work at microscopic degree, this accomplishment ca nt be replicated even by the most adept sawbones. As 4th coevals computing machine already penetrated schools and place, this engineering aid pupils expand their cognition and believing through information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) . By possessing ICT accomplishment, pupils able to seek and get the hang new cognition easier, faster, go more originative and able to execute critical believing base on their current state of affairs. Tay, L ( 2003 ) agrees that pupil can develop high order thought by utilizing ICT tools which include enlightening, situating, and constructive and communicating tools. Albeit it is undeniable fact that computing machine engineering brings a batch of promotion and sweetening in our day-to-day life, as with any engineering created by our greatest head it does nt liberate from development and side effects. These issues will be studied in following subdivision of this literature reappraisal. Potential hazard and menace that may endanger human life Even after over 50 old ages this engineering exists in our life and legion security and protection measuring has been taken to procure this engineering loophole, it still possess indefinite figure of engineering hazards that may impact personal, society and even government.. Computer engineering hazards could be originated from two beginnings which is the engineering itself and the terminal user. From engineering position, hazards of computing machine engineering frequently highlighted as security and wellness issue. Computer security becomes a serious affair because every individual concern in this current modern society depends on this engineering to hive away informations, history dealing, advertizement and besides protecting company secret. Vacca J.R ( 2009 ) writes Security breaches can be an organisation significantly through a tarnished repute, lost concern, and legal fees ( p.3 ) . Social information besides archived in computing machine database engineering. Any security r ear of barrel will do ruinous development such as on-line caricature, enterpriser sabotage and companies secrets illegal trade. Vacca J.R besides explains that any company that successfully turn out how robust its computing machine substructure is protected could derive legion advantages such as marketing tool that demonstrate their capableness and willingness to protect its clients informations. Furthermore, a company with proper computing machine substructure protection will pass less clip and money to place security breaches and the demand to pay mulcts to statute law organic structure. This fact is decently supported by Lehtinen R. ( 2006 ) survey that states in 2003, computing machine offense already go the most expensive commercial offense which cost over USD70 million worth of information lost, USD66 million lost from unneeded IT investing and USD201 million worth of lost from computing machine invasion onslaught. Even this figure was based on Federal Bureau of Investigation public study, it is non needfully accurate. This is because non every company which was attacked files a study. Lehtinen R. estimation that approximately 50 per centum of invasions were non reported at all due to undue range or merely to avoid bad promotion. This figure go worst when among those studies that have been filed, about 60 per centum become void studies when they fail to quantify the loss. So, based on these facts and by the nature of computing machine engineering dependant are additions exponentially by twelvemonth, it is safe to gauge that current commercial doomed due to security menaces is far more than the figure shown above. However, computing machine engineering security is non merely a aggregation of hardwares and packages. Contradict to popular belief that computing machine security is all about firewall, antimalware, invasion sensing and placeholder waiter, the most of import component in computing machine security is the terminal user. If this component becomes the weakest nexus, security user will concentrate their attempt to assail this weak point. Due to this misconception, many organisations invest 1000000s of dollar to purchase province of the art security hardwares and packages in hope to procure up their computing machine substructure but stop up with so many security breaches. This affair become worst when extremely skill IT professionals who should concentrate their energy protecting company computing machine system and train employees are frequently jammed with help-desk tasked such as resetting disregarded watchword, repairing stuck pressman and configuring new staff Personal computer as being explain by Vacca J.R ( pg 5 ) . Furthermore, most computing machine users tend to take for granted on how friendly computing machine interface today. Many do nt recognize that today s computing machine is more complex and powerful than it was 20 or 30 old ages ago. Vacca J.R besides explain that some computing machine industry professiona ls do nt wholly understand the construct of Windows register, port and things that goes behind the user friendly Windows graphical user interface ( GUI ) ( pg 4 ) . The effect of this action is, terminal users tend to believe that they are computing machine literate and frequently rank themselves as power user. This consequence to ignorance and take for granted behaviour which is something that bad cat eager to work. Lehtinen besides states in his book that As broadband Internet entree becomes progressively popular, more users set up place computing machines and go forth them running 24/7. The consequence is they become marks for aggressors. ( p6 ) . So, computing machine users ignorance in security importance plus 24/7 connected to the Internet are more likely an unfastened invitation to attacker to work. Bad cats are usually the true power users. They frequently realize that checking good protected computing machine substructure in proficient manner is excessively drawn-out and hard. Therefore, they exploit user ignorance and wonder. Vacca J.R. explains in his survey that even employees have been told legion times to disregard email fond regard from unknown transmitter, employees keep violate this policy. This consequence a virus known as I Love You Virus eruption in computing machine systems in planetary graduated table by working users electronic mail box. Another sort of computing machine menace is computing machine worm. Worm is non a virus but a piece of computing machine plan that replicate themselves to impossible figure which cause victims difficult disc full of refuse and congest victim webs with refuse package. Lehtinen R. writes in his book After retroflexing itself for the first 20 yearss of each month, it replaced web pages on the victim machines with a page that declared Hacked by Chinese, so launched an onslaught on the White House web waiter. ( p7 ) . These cause major mayhem in computing machine web and present a batch of hold and system slow down. Productivity lessening aggressively and care cost addition drastically. Vacca J.R besides highlight ( pg 4 ) that phishing and cozenages are being actively used by aggressor to steal users sensitive information such as their bank username, watchword, recognition card figure and security codifications. What aggressor needs to make is direct a bogus electronic mail that lure stop user to travel to his bogus web site to reap user sensitive information. Attacker might claim that he is a legitimate executive from terminal users bank and requires users to travel to certain web hyperlink to update victims history item. Unfortunately for the victims, the hyperlink really redirects them to forge web site which is created by the aggressor. This signifier of onslaught could short-circuit even the most rigorous security attack as security decision maker unable to barricade electronic mail from making employee letter boxs due to productivity ground. But the effects and deduc tions are lifelessly because one time aggressor knows employees or terminal users history item ; he merely could utilize it at his ain advantage. Money transportation, corporate espionage, unauthorised purchase will be stop user and organisation large lost in money and credibleness. Money transportation and unauthorised recognition card purchase for illustration merely will do the victims to confront fiscal job while corporate espionage will do organisations to lost their secret forms or information sing their latest merchandises. In add-on to computing machine user s ignorance, they besides of course do nt like beds of security protection such as the demand to come in login name and watchword several times a twenty-four hours in order to entree classified information or even to utilize their workstation. For terminal user, security bed is inconvenience and consume productiveness clip. Vacca J. R ( p.1 ) survey shows that each employee will blow about four hours of productiveness c lip per twelvemonth merely because they need to identify in their username and password daily. In corporate position, four hours per employee per twelvemonth is a major lost if they have 1000s of employees. Even security experts claim that this loss is at acceptable degree compared to possible loss if there is no security protection at all, non all corporation figure caput accept this fact. For this corporate leader, net income ever come foremost and others come 2nd. Some more, computing machine created without security in head as this paper explain in computing machine development subdivision, computing machine originally created for research workers and scientist to calculate complex mathematical map. Over clip, it evolves to be human productiveness tools. Therefore, the discoverers of this brilliant machine neer consider security as cardinal component. Computer engineering start to faces security issues in early 80s when every machine is connected each other with wired web. Merely from that phase, security engineer get down to develop and implement beds of security within computing machine architecture bed. Even so, this is considered as afterthought action because security engineerings really need to trail computing machine engineerings that evolve quickly. This hold provides important spread for aggressors to work it. And one time the spread is being patched, aggressors move to another spread that already available at that clip. By uniting t erminal user ignorance, incompetent IT professional and security holes aggressor could establish Denial of Service ( DdOS ) onslaught with the aid of victims web bandwidth and internet connexion. Denial of Service onslaught could do any web and web site paralyzes and unable to serve their users and endorsers. Lehtinen R. states that The computing machine of a naif user may be forced into take parting in a distributed denial of service ( DDoS ) onslaught aimed toward a designated mark and timed to fire off with 100s of 1000s of others so as to overpower the victim. ( p8 ) . This may ensue debasement in productiveness at terminal users side and service suppliers may endure with bad repute, undependable service image which possibly may be them a luck when their endorsers move to their rivals. The promotion of computing machine engineering besides has high potency hazard to impact environment and societal universe. It introduces new structural feature of engineering that emphasized o n technological development and determining technological hereafter. Harmonizing to ( Hans Lenk, 1998 ) progressing means come oning taking stairss over clip or distance toward another, a better, topographic point, nonsubjective or end province that refer between two position either advancement or progresss in engineering or rational stairss toward accomplishing a new province of the art within the field of doctrine of engineering itself. Han dynasties report several sort of danger such electrical blackouts of metropolitan countries was occur due to susceptibleness of extremely developed and dumbly intertwined system known as systems-technocratic danger which can technically bring forth radioactive to others. Han dynasties besides notes that the power of invasion in multiple distributed engineering system gives ethical job to technological universe that appear to take the feature of destiny or fate. Without duty of world, the promotion engineering advancement can do world-wide gra duated table of effects of technological intertwinement including globalisation consequence in organisation and economic system. Many of new computing machine engineering are designed for the exclusive intent of easing communicating between single to run into new people around the universe utilizing internet engineering. Instant messaging, chat suites, Facebook and other web sites are specifically designed for the intent of meeting and connecting with person who portion similar involvements. Conversely, more cyberspace usage leads to more chance for toughs and sexual torment. Harmonizing to the 2005 Young Canadians in a Wired World survey of Grades 9 to 11 pupils, immature people are devouring users of this engineering. Ninety-four per centum of immature people have entree to the Internet in their places while 23 % of immature people have their ain cell phones that equipped with text messaging capablenesss and digital cameras ( Steeves, V. 2009 ) . Therefore, the Internet becomes a popular tool for sexual torment. Cyber torment occurs when a verbal or physical behaviour of a sexual nature, purpose at a peculiar individual or group of people in community. The research reveals that some computing machine users use societal networking web sites and web logs to expose victim s erotica stuffs in order to do cyber torment. The deduction of torment can do personal psychological science dislocation which consequence to outlook or physically hurt ( Maass, A. A ; Mara, C. A ; Guarnieri, G A ; Grasselli, A. , n.d, p. 856 ) . Physiology wise, there are several possible hazards of computing machine engineering that must be cognizant of that can damage human physical organic structure. Cellular telephone is a wireless communicating device which receives and radiates comparatively high amplitude of radio signal in order to transport voice over air. Therefore, a group of research workers claim that cellular telephones can do encephalon malignant neoplastic disease through signal ( Frey, Allan H. 2001 ) . The signal creates radiation exposure from the cellular phone through the encephalon and cause malignant neoplastic disease which resulted from a long latency. Frey et.al besides reference that there are important additions in malignant neoplastic disease that appear in short clip while the cellular phone is used due to the fact that human encephalon is straight exposed to radio beckon even if the sum is little. Furthermore, by utilizing improper ergonomic computing machine equipment such as authoritative mouse or keyboard for a long clip exposes end user to legion lasting hurts such as insistent strain hurt ( RSI ) ( Moravec, H. 2009, p.2 ) . Wrist hurts can ensue lasting nervus harm if neglected and can change from a simple sprain to a serious instability of the carpal castanetss called wrist injury. Harmonizing to a survey in July issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, a 732 per centum rise in acute computer-related hurts from 1994 through 2006 which double the 309 per centum addition in family computing machine ownership over the period. With these so many hazards that being introduces by computing machine engineering, it is wise to analyze and inform terminal users and IT professionals the safeguard and bar actions that they may use to minimise if non eliminates these possible jobs which lead us to third research aim as being explain in great inside informations in following subdivision. The safeguard needed to be taken to avoid or extinguish computing machine engineering hazards and menaces. Every secure organisation has a end to accomplish a long term success to take advantage of legion benefits including insurance premium decrease and prevent security breach to increase yearly net income. For most organisation, the cost of making security is to cut down hazard and derive competitory advantage in market topographic point by bespeaking security tools from IT professional. Therefore, several ways can be taken to construct successful secure organisation. Basically computing machine engineering related jobs and hazards originally come from the engineering itself and stop its users, a comprehensive attack consists of both parties need to be taken. End user need to be educated sing security consciousness while computing machine substructure and engineering demand to be developed with security in head. Computer security consciousness could be started from anyplace but sin ce most computing machines which involve confidential informations located at organisation or company, it is wise for company proprietor or board of manager to set a fraction of company one-year budget in carry oning computing machine security consciousness. IT professional should be send to qualified security preparation centre in order to hold proper preparation and competent degree to pull off organisation security substructure. These IT professionals besides should supply computing machine security workshop for employee in order to develop civilization of security. Vacca J.R explains in his book that although security substructures do nt alter often, new signifier of menaces are developed every twenty-four hours. Thus it is of import to supply IT professional equal preparations so they could be dynamic adequate to maintain up with of all time altering computing machine security onslaught. He steadfastly emphasis on IT professional besides need to be actively involves in protecti ng company computing machine substructure ( p9 ) . Furthermore, it is of import for each organisation to hold 3rd party to reexamine their security position. Vacca et.al province the advantage of holding 3rd party reappraisal organisational system is to give experience reviewing of broad scope of systems, application and device in assortment of industries through incursion proving that may do job in the hereafter. The incursion proving have several attack but the more efficient and less expensive is partial c

Absorptive Capacity And How Can This Be Used Within Supply Chain Essay

Absorptive Capacity And How Can This Be Used Within Supply Chain Management To Increase Supply Chain Profitability And Responsiveness - Essay Example 317; Boisot, 1998, p. 10; Boer, Bosch, van den, & Volberda, 1999, p. 379) To increase this absorptive capacity, companies often undertake research studies to improve their prospects and to customize their research and development to make information genuinely helpful for the organization’s human resource and for business operational use. The data generated from research are targeted to be integrated in the operation services and in the production of goods for consumers to attain effective and efficient corporate performance (Calori, Johnson, & Sarnin, 1994, p. 437; Camerer & Vepsalainen, 1998, p. 115; Carlsson & Jacobsson, 1994, p. 235; Cohen & Levinthal, 1994, p. 227) Experts opined that absorptive capacity is aimed at adopting ideas to develop an innovative and bring about new engagement sparked by changing economy. The process includes the integration of information to maximize meaningful findings for organizational development and management decision-makings (Deeds, 2001, p. 29; Cohen & Levinthal, 1997, p. 1463).... The researcher will make use of secondary materials from peer-reviewed journals and books sourced from online and public library to substantiate the subject of this study. Researcher will likewise correlate the absorptive capacity of a company’s interest to leverage from its market competitors and delve into the critical effects of company’s absorptive capacity on product innovation, business operations, and profit maximization using the lens of knowledge-based view (KBV) as theoretical foundation. Figure 1. Supply chain leadership and its correlation to resource values and organizational absorptive capacity (Sharif & Irani, 2012, p. 57). Research and Knowledge Management Organizational development and its level of competitiveness are reliant not only on financial capital, human resources and strategic management but also of its absorptive capacity (Rebolledo, Halley & Nagati, 2009, p. 52). Knowledge, through its research and management, are major source of valuable, ra re, and inimitable information to enhance strategic business management, improve customer-relation, expand business operation and sustain good relation with its suppliers (Rebolledo, et al., 2009, p. 53). The absorptive capacity of the organization will also facilitate the alignment of its human resources, corporate performance, and in enhancing its structures to align these with corporate strategies. Internally, it can also promote effective organizational management, increase marketing results, and reduce the impairment of supply chain relations. Through this part, an emphasis on the differences between the two facets of absorptive capacity will be highlighted: potential absorptive capacity that involves the corporate’s acquisition and assimilation of external

Describe fertilization, with reference to how the sperm enters the Assignment

Describe fertilization, with reference to how the sperm enters the oocyte. Explain the key changes that occur in the female during each of the three trimesters of pregnancy - Assignment Example Fertilization occurs during the union of the male sperm and the secondary oocyte producing a zygote. A zygote is the fertilized egg that develops into a fetus. The secondary oocyte has the female chromosome X whereas the sperm has both female (X) chromosome and Male (Y) chromosome. Oocytes must be supplied with various molecules needed for the growth of the embryo. A female undergoes various changes during pregnancy. These are known as trimesters consisting of three stages over the 9 month or 40 week pregnancy period. The fetus undergoes different changes in each of the three stages until it fully develops. The first trimester is the period up to 13 weeks of the pregnancy. It is the most crucial stage of the pregnancy. The female body undergoes many changes. The body structure and organs of the fetus begin to develop. This includes the eyes, mouth, ears, throat and skin. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic sac. The placenta is developed and transfers nutrients from the mother to the baby and waste from the baby to the mother. The body of the pregnant mother undergoes changes signified by certain symptoms. These symptoms include nausea also know as morning sickness, fatigue, frequent urination and softness of breasts. Spotting or normal bleeding is common as the fetus is implanted firmly in the uterus. The experiences at this stage vary wit h different women. Some women are very tired during this stage whereas others are full of energy. It is at this stage that miscarriages, birth defects or ectopic pregnancies can occur (Tortora & Derrickson, 2009). The second trimester is from 14 to 26 weeks. This is a pleasurable time of the pregnancy. All the symptoms experienced in the first trimester are gone. There is no morning sickness and fatigue. Most pregnant mothers start planning for the birth of their baby at this stage. They sleep better and have more energy. Different symptoms develop; back pain and abdominal pain due to the increase in weight of the fetus.

Public speaking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Public speaking - Assignment Example She pointed that the government could do something of the kind to accept all the oppressed people. The auditorium applauded when she finished but they didn’t listen to her answer and applauded only after the last words ‘Statue of Liberty’. The feedback of the audience wasn’t called by the core of her speech, but by the fact that need to somehow react. The negative feedback of the opponent of the main character was based on the personal hostility and shouldn’t be taken as a constructive critic. Speaking about the main character’s response to the opponent’s aggression, we should mention that as an argument pro her words that it was the 50th birthday. It wasn’t, actually, an argument or even an important fact. So, being in the same situation I would feel quite nervous and annoyed and react another way, for example - try to provide another argument. The girls started arguing on the field of their mutual dislike and provided the far-f etched arguments. So we can conclude that the feedback of the audience and the opponent wasn’t objective at

Types Of Cogeneration System

Types Of Cogeneration System Cogeneration which is also known as combined heat and power, can be described as two different forms of energy being generated from one single energy source. These two different forms of energy are usually thermal and mechanical energy. These two types of energy are then used for different functions. The mechanical energy is usually used to produce electricity through an alternator, or else to work rotating equipment such as compressors, motors or pumps. Thermal energy on the other hand can be used for the production of hot water, steam, hot air for dryers or also another typical use is for chilled water for process cooling. The main advantage of cogeneration is the overall efficiency of energy, which in some cases can be as high as 85 per cent. Another advantage of cogeneration is also the fact that it helps reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants. Therefore, cogeneration is basically the use of a heat engine or else an entire power station to generate both electrici ty and heat simultaneously. A fact is that all power plants emit a considerable amount of heat during the process of generating electricity. Therefore, by using this fact, cogeneration is used to capture and use some, or even in some cases all, of this emitted heat for heating purposes. Types of cogeneration systems These days, a number of different cogeneration systems are used, namely the following: Steam Turbine Cogeneration System Internal Combustion Engine Cogeneration System Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Steam Turbine Cogeneration System Two different types of cogeneration systems are widely used, which are: The backpressure steam turbine The extraction condensing type steam turbine One would have to make a distinct choice between the two. This choice depends on a number of factors, which include the quantities of power and heat, economic factors, as well as the quality of heat. Also, another type of steam turbine cogeneration system is the extraction back pressure turbine which is normally used where the end result needed in thermal energy at two different temperature levels. On the other hand, the condensing type steam turbines are usually used when the heat rejected from a process will be finally used to generate electricity. So why use steam turbines and not any other type of prime mover? This would give the user an option of using a large variety of conventional and alternate types of fuel, such as biomass, fuel oil, natural gas, as well as coal. In order to optimize heat supply, the power generation efficiency of the cycle in some cases may not be as good. Steam turbines are therefore mostly used in cases where the demand is greater than 1MW up to hundreds of MW. Therefore, due to the inertia in the system, steam turbines are not suitable for areas with intermittent demand. Internal Combustion Engine Cogeneration system When comparing to other cogeneration systems, this system has a higher power generation efficiency. The two sources of heat for recovery are the exhaust gas at high temperature as well as the engine jacket cooling water at a low temperature. This type of system is more widely used in areas and facilities which consume a small amount of energy because heat recovery is efficient for smaller systems. Therefore it is widely used in facilities which have a greater need for electricity than thermal energy and also in places where the quality of heat required is not high. Even though the most common type of fuel used is diesel, this type of system can also operate with natural gas or heavy fuel oil. Another fact about this type of system is that, unlike gas turbines, it is not sensitive to changes in ambient temperature, therefore this makes it an ideal machine to use for intermittent operation. Gas Turbine Cogeneration Systems Gas turbine cogeneration systems can be used to generate all or in some cases part of the actual requirement of energy needed by the plant. In this type of system, the energy released at high temperature through exhaust can be recovered and used for certain applications of heating and cooling. Even though the most common means of fuel used is natural gas, in some cases other fuels like light fuel oil and diesel are also used in such a system. The range of gas turbines usually varies between a few MW to 100MW. Due to certain factors such as a greater availability of natural gas, a big reduction in installation costs, greater environmental performance, as well as a fast and large progress in technology, gas turbine cogeneration systems are the best developed systems in recent years. The following are some advantages of using a gas turbine cogeneration system: Gas turbines have a short start up time Gas turbines provide flexibility of intermittent operation At high temperatures, more heat can recovered Also, in case of the heat output being less than what is required, and in order to ensure that the thermal output efficiency is kept high, natural gas is used by mixing additional fuel to the exhaust gas. In the case of more power being required at the site, it is also possible to use what is called a combined cycle, which entails a combination of both steam turbine and gas turbine cogeneration. The steam which is being generated from the exhaust gas of the gas turbine is passed through either a backpressure steam turbine or an extraction condensing type steam turbine, which in turn will generate more power. Also, the exhaust from the steam turbine will also provide an amount of required thermal energy. Classification of system How does one classify a cogeneration system? These systems are usually classified according to the sequence of energy use as well as the operating procedure used. Therefore, a cogeneration system can usually be classified as either one of the following: A topping cycle A bottoming cycle The system is known as a topping cycle when the fuel supplied is first used to produce power, and then later in the process to produce thermal energy. The thermal energy in the system is used to satisfy process heat or other thermal requirements. Topping cycle cogeneration is the most widely used type and is nowadays the most popular type of cogeneration system. On the other hand, in a bottoming cycle the primary fuel is used to produce thermal energy at a high temperature. The heat rejected in the process is then further used to generate power through a recovery boiler as well as a turbine generator. Nowadays, bottoming cycles are widely used for manufacturing processes that require heat at high temperatures in furnaces, and also reject heat as very high temperatures. Even though they are used in the list mentioned below, bottoming cycle plants are less common and not used as much as topping cycle plants. A bottoming cycle is used in the following types of plants: Cement industry Steel industry Ceramic industry Gas and petrochemical industry Topping Cycle Cogeneration Systems Combined Cycle http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/73nqb7y9fk14zby9/images/6-c5da667d2f.jpg Extract from http://www.scribd.com/doc/65871557/Cogeneration This type of system includes a gas turbine or diesel engine which produces electrical or mechanical power followed by a heat recovery system/boiler which is used to generate steam and drive a secondary steam turbine. Steam Turbine http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/73nqb7y9fk14zby9/images/6-c5da667d2f.jpg Extract from http://www.scribd.com/doc/65871557/Cogeneration This type of system generates electrical power as well as process steam by burning fuel to produce high pressure steam, which is then passed through a steam turbine to produce the power needed, as well as using the exhaust from the turbine as low pressure process steam. Internal Combustion Engine http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/73nqb7y9fk14zby9/images/6-c5da667d2f.jpg Extract from http://www.scribd.com/doc/65871557/Cogeneration This type of system includes heat recovery from an engine exhaust and jacket cooling system flowing to a heat recovery boiler, in which it is converted to process steam or hot water for further use. Gas Turbine http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/73nqb7y9fk14zby9/images/6-c5da667d2f.jpg Extract from http://www.scribd.com/doc/65871557/Cogeneration This type of system is known as a gas turbine topping system. A natural gas turbine drives a generator to produce electricity. The exhaust from the turbine is passed through a heat recovery boiler which is used to generate process steam as well as process heat. Bottoming Cycle System http://gotoknow.org/file/khunchailek/topping.gif Extract from http://www.gotoknow.org/blogs/posts/183558 In this type of system, fuel is burnt in a furnace to produce synthetic rutile, which is a mineral. The furnace produces waste gases which in turn are used in a boiler to generate steam. This steam is then used to drive a turbine to produce electricity through a generator. Selection of cogeneration system The following factors are taken into consideration when trying to select what type of cogeneration system should be used: Base electrical load matching Base thermal load matching Electrical load matching Thermal load matching Heat to power ratio The quality of thermal energy needed Load patterns Fuels available Trigeneration Trigeneration is known as the process of generating three different types of energy in a combined manner. These three different types of energy are electricity, heat and cooling. All these are simultaneously produced from a fuel source referred to as combined heat power and cooling. Therefore, in other words, trigeneration takes the process of cogeneration of heat and electricity to another level, with the utilization of wasteheat for purposes of cooling with the use of an absorption chiller. A trigeneration system is basically the integration of two types of technology, namely the cogeneration system as well as cooling technology which is done through compression or absorption systems. As mentioned earlier in the document, the two most widely used types of cogeneration are through gas reciprocating engines and combustion engines. Though, fuel cells are also being used in the integration of trigeneration. Natural gas, due to being reliable, having low environmental effects, having low maintenance costs, as well as being efficient, is currently the best fuel to use for trigeneration systems. It is also widely used due to the fact that it burns so efficiently in the combustion chamber ensuring lower emissions of pollutants whn compared to heavier fuels. As natural gas consists mainly of methane, it leads to lower emissions per unit of energy stored, as methane is a gas which consists of a very important characteristic, it has a high hydrogen to carbon ratio. According to the U.S. Department of  Energy in the year 2009, 2.5 billion tons of CO2 were emitted by power plants in the U.S., which correspond to 576g of CO2 per kWh.  [1]  Therefore by using trigeneration, companies and plants worldwide can have a major impact in reducing the amount of pollutants emitted. Trigeneration is considered a new type and way of generating power, which is becoming even more common in a number of countries which have a warm climate. This is due to the fact that in these countries the heating required is only needed in the winter season. Therefore a demand of electrical power, cooling as well as heating is needed in a number of different entities, such as: Universities Gyms Shopping malls Hospitals Public Buildings Manufacturing facilities Data centers A trigeneration plant is extremely similar to a cogeneration plant, the only difference being the addition of an absorption chiller, which is used to produce a cold flow using the heat recovered from the hot exhaust gases. Absorption chillers Absorption coolers are used to provide cooling using a liquid refrigerant and a heat source. By using heat, usually heat recovered from hot flue gases, absorption chillers provide cooling to buildings. The main advantages of using absorption chillers are that they use much less energy than conventional equipment as well as cooling plants and buildings without emitting harmful pollutants. The main difference between conventional electric chillers and absorption chillers is that whilst conventional electric chillers use mechanical energy in a vapor compression process to provide refrigeration, absorption chillers on the other hand use heat energy. Absorption chillers can be powered by waste heat, steam as well as natural gas. Therefore, an absorption chiller transfers thermal energy through a refrigerant from the heat source to the heat sink. Absorption systems are widely used in cooling, heating and power systems. When used with a micro turbine and engine driven generator, absorption chillers can use the waste from these components and use it to generate power, whilst also producing cooling for space conditioning. Absorption chillers therefore shift cooling in a building from an electric load to a thermal load. Different types of absorption chillers are as follows: Direct fired Indirect fired Single effect Double effect Triple effect Trigeneration is therefore a very attractive use in certain situations where all three (power, heating, cooling) needs are a must. A typical example is in production processes which demand cooling requirements. Therefore it is widely used in areas where electricity, heating as well as cooling are needed. It is important to realise that cogeneration was used in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation. Industries which generated their own power used to commonly use exhaust steam for process heating. Hotels, stores as well as large offices generated their own power and also heated up the building using waste steam. Cogeneration is still very common in certain industries, namely pulp and paper mills, chemical plants as well as refineries. In the  United States,  Con Edison  distributes 66 billion kilograms of 180  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °C steam each year through its seven cogeneration plants to 100,000 buildings in  Manhattan, the biggest steam district in the United States. The peak delivery is 10 million pounds per hour.  [2]   How does the New York steam system work? This system is a district heating system which uses steam from steam generating stations and is distributed under the streets of Manhattan. This steam is used to either heat, cool or supply power to a number of businesses as well as apartments and other types of buildings. In my opinion this is a great initiative and way of reducing the emission of pollutants as well as increasing the efficiency of fuel usage. Con Edison is also using trigeneration for cooling in the summer months through the use of absorption chillers, a system which further increases energy and pollution savings, whilst also reducing peak electrical loads.

Viriginia Woolf :: Author Viriginia Woolf feminism relationships

Viriginia Woolf (this essay has problems with the format) One of the greatest female authors of all time, Virginia Woolf, produced a body of writing respected worldwide. Driven by uncontrollable circumstances and internal conflict, her life was cut short by suicide. Her role in feminism, along with the personal relationships in her life, influenced her literary works. Virginia's relationships throughout her life contributed, not only to her literature, but the quality of her life as well. Perhaps the greatest influence in Virginia's life is her mother, Julia Stephen. "Julia Stephen was the most arresting figure which her daughter [Virginia Woolf] tried to resurrect and preserve" (Gordon 4). Woolf, a manic-depressive, found herself constantly searching for approval. "Virginia needed her mother's approval in order to 'measure her own stature" (Bond 38). Battling with a sense of worthlessness, Virginia's mother helped her temporarily rid herself of self-criticism and doubt. This however was short-lived. When Mrs. Stephen rejected Virginia, she felt her mother's disapproval directly related to the quality of her writing. "Virginia Woolf could not bear to reread anything she had written†¦ Mrs. Stephen's rejection of Virginia may have been the paradigm of her failure to meet her own standards" (Bond 39). With the death of her mother Woolf used her novel, To the Lighthouse to "reconstruct and preserve" the memories that still remained. According to Woolf, "the character of Mrs. Ramsey in To the Lighthouse was modeled entirely upon that of her mother" (Bond 27). This helped Virginia in her closure when dealing with the loss and obsession with her mother. Although Virginia clung to the relationship with her mother, she favored her father, Leslie Stephen. Virginia resembled her father uncannily in character traits, in her writing and self-doubts, in her great and malicious sense of humor, in her marriage, in her frugality, in her fear of aging, and in her social consciousness. (Bond 59) They were both extremely outspoken while sparing no one's feelings with their comments. Virginia and Leslie both had strong personalities and rapid mood changes. Woolf portrayed her father, like her mother, through characterization in To the Lighthouse. Mr. Ramsey captures her father as a man of "baffling mutability, a lightening switch from the m ost lovable of men, to a 'famished wolfhound' and back again" (Gordon 22). This portrayal of Leslie Stephens relates to his uncontrollable rages and mood swings. Leslie Stephen not only controlled Virginia's mental development, but her intellectual development as well.

How does Ridley Scott create and destroy gender stereotypes in Thelma and Louise?

In the 1991 film Thelma and Louise, the director Ridley Scott creates and destroys gender stereotypes successfully of that period in time and helps us to believe that the characters portrayed by Susan Surandon and Geena Davis were real. Here are a few examples of gender stereotypes: In the first scene of the movie, Thelma was in her kitchen wearing a frilly and flowery night gown and the phone was ringing and she called to her husband, â€Å"I'll get it.† This shows that Thelma is a house slave and Ridley Scott dipicts this as he films Thelma on a low angle and when Thelma's husband Darryl walks into the kitchen, he is filmed on a low angle to make him seem a lot bigger and fiercer than he really is. He is shown as already in his work uniform and this tells us that Thelma is a housewife and her entire day is pent locked up inside the house preforming chores. When Thelma is just about to ask Darryl if she can go for the weekend on a roadtrip with Louise, she got scared and ended up asking him if he wanted anything special for dinner that night. To which Darryl simply replies, â€Å"Thelma, I don't give fuck what we have for dinner tonight. I might not even make it home from work tonight.† This shows that Darryl is an unfaithful husband and is having an affair. Thelma suspects this and states, â€Å"it's funny how many people want to buy a carpet on a Friday night. You would have thought they would have forgotten about it for the weekend.† To that Darryl replies, â€Å"well it's a good thing your no regional manager then, and I am.† He then swings his keys around on his finger as if to say, I am better than you, you are worthless. The second scene I am going to describe is where Louise is at work in the diner that she work at and she is depicted as having her hair tied up in a neat bun, showing her as a couped up child who just wants to break free of her immaginary prison. She is wearing her usual uniform of a long white dress and apron. There is a pan shot of her at eye level moving across the diner serving people as she goes. This shows that women in this time cannot have highly paid jobs and they must either be a housewife or work in a dead end, minimum wage job where she does not get the respect that she deserves. The next scene I am going to describe is the scene in which Thelma is packing fro her road trip with Louise after Darryl had left to go to work. She had never had as much fun before and had never packed like it. She didn't know what she should take, so she just topples the contents of her drawers into many suitcases, she then looks in her bedside cabinet and takes out her earings and finds a revolver that Darryl had given her to protect herslef when he was a t work. Thelma takes the revolver out and holds it with her thumb and forefinger. This creates a gender stereotype as it shows that women aren't meant to hold guns. Thelma then drops it into one of her suitcases as if she didn't know the full capabilities of what damage the small silver thing in her hands could do. Later on in the movie, Thelma brings out the revlver when she is in Louise's car and turns to Louise and asks if Louise can take care of it. Louise replies shocked, â€Å"goddamnit Thelma, why in the hell did you brin g that?† To which Thelma replies, â€Å"snakes, bears, psycho killers. You never know what could happen, look can you take it? I don't even know how to use it.† â€Å"Well put it in my purse then,† Louise replies. This shows that Louise is a much stronger woman than Thelma and she had become tough after what happened to her in Texas. The last scene I am going to describe which creates gender stereotypes is the scene in the bar where Thelma and Louise are sitting at a table in a Western bar and the waitress walks up to them and asks if they would like andything to drink. The waitress is in the same conditions that Louise was in at the start of the movie in the diner. Louise states that she doesn't wnat any drinks, but Thelma orders two alcholholic drinks and the waitress nods and walks away. Louise looks surprised, â€Å"Thelma! I've never seen you like this, you're always so sedate!† â€Å"I've had it up to my ass with sedate!† Thelma smiles, â€Å"I just want to let my hair down.† This shows that Thelma is acting out of character and just wants to have fun. This is where the well dressed, well mannered, charming Harlan walks over to them. He is filmed on a very low angle. â€Å"Well hello ladies,† he says, â€Å"isn't this place a bit rough for bauties like you?† Thelma is flattered by the attention that Harlan gives her, but Louise doesn't buy it. She realises what Harlan is quickly as it shows a man just like him flattered her back in Texas. â€Å"Oh I'm sorry,† Louise states, â€Å"we're having private convorsation here.† â€Å"Oh right okay ladies,† Harlan says, visabaly dissapointed. Thelma holds him back, â€Å"no it's okay. He can stay.† The waitress returns and gives Thelma her drinks, â€Å"you're not bothering these poor girls are you Harlan?† â€Å"Nah,† Harlan replies, â€Å"I'm just being friendly.† â€Å"Your name's Harlan?† Thelma asks, â€Å"I had an uncle named Harlan.† Thelma then goes to dance with Harlan and he spins her aorund many times making her very dizzy and in need of fresh air. He is clearly taking advantage of her. Thelma states she need fresh air and Harlan takes her outside. Harlan then starts to take advantage of Thelma and then he says that he wont hurt her. This shows us that Harlan has no regard for Thelma's thoughts or feelings. Louise then bursts out of the bar holding the revolver that Thelma had put in her bag earlier and aims it at Harlan. Harlan just laughs and tells Louise to â€Å"suck his dick.† Louise then shoots Harlan in cold blood. This is the first real time that we get to see the gender stereotypes destroyed as women aren't supposed to show violence. Harlan's dead body is then shown at a high angle to show that his power and scariness from before had been torn away in an instant. Here is the second point of Ridley Scott's use of destroying gender stereotypes. This is the scene where Thelma and Louise meet up with young hustler JD and he asks for a ride. They drive with him and drop him off in the middle of a rainy city. Later on in the evening, JD knocks on Thelma's motel door and the two make passionate love. Then in the morning Thelma goes to see Louise at a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and they talk and Louise realises that JD must've stolen their money that Jimmy had given to Louise, the two women run back to their motel room frantically to find it ransacked and the money stolen. Louise collapses into tears as her last piece of energy and moral sense of dignity are shattered. Thelma then takes control and is filmed on a high angle to signify that know she is taking control. The old Thelma is gone and the new Thelma has taken her place. The new Thelma is the sort of Thelma who will do anything to survive. The next scene I am going to describe is the scene where Thelma and Louise stop to get a cup of coffee and when the two of them get back into the car, Thelma states that she is going to go and get some gum, so she takes Louise's handbag with the pistol still in it and goes into the nearest convenience store. When Thelma goes into the store, she pulls out the revolver and shouts to everyone, â€Å"good morning ladies and gentlemen, this is a robbery, now if nobody loses their head then no one will lose their head.† She then steals all the money from the till and runs out of the store shouting to Louise, â€Å"drive Louise! Go† â€Å"A store? You robbed a store?† Louise asks pedantically. â€Å"Well we needed the money didn't we? Now drive!† Thelma replies. This breaks the stereotype that all women must abide by the law at all times. The second to last scene I am going to describe is the scene where Thelma and Louise are driving through the desert when a police officer flags them down for speeding. The officer then take Louise back to his car and starts calling his colleagues. Louise asks if she is in trouble and the officer nods, big trouble. Thelma then appears at the officer's window and smiles at him and starts to flirt. The officer asks sternly for Thelma to return to her car, but Thelma produces the revolver and points it at the officer's head and demands for Louise to take his gun and shoot out the radio which she does, but then Thelma corrects her and says the police radio. This shows that although this is a dark film, Ridley Scott adds in a piece of comic relief. Thelma and Louise lead the distressed police officer to the trunk of his vehicle where Thelma shoots two air holes into the trunk and instructs the officer to get inside at which point the officer bursts into tears and Thelma asks him if he had a wife to which the officer nods. Thelma smiles and tells him, â€Å"you be nice to her. My husband wasn't nice to me and look how I ended up.† On which note, Thelma slams the lid shut upon the officer. The last scene I am describing is the scene at the end of the movie where Thelma and Louise have been evading the police successfully for a fair few minutes which breaks the stereotype that women are bad drivers, but they eventually get captured on the edge of the Grand Canyon. Behind Louise's convertible is about twenty police cars, a helicopter and at least forty heavily armed officers. The helicopter lands and a few suited FBI Agents get out, one of which is the one man in the forces who believes Thelma and Louise's story. Thelma turns to Louise and tells her she can't go back to the way she used to be as she had loved the experience. Louise nods and turns on the engines despite the officer's warnings of opening fire if they did not give themselves up to be arrested. Louise slams the car forward toward the edge of the Grand Canyon. The only FBI Agent that believes them sprints after them so that the police will not fire. He shouts trying to stop them, but Thelma and Louise are adamant. Their car flies off of the edge of the Grand Canyon and the screen flashes with images of the past two days adventure. In conclusion I believe that Ridley Scott provides the audience with a thrilling and extremely realistic insight into the sexism and gender stereotyping that was around in America at the time of the film's release. I believe that this film teaches a lesson to all American men who were racist at the point of the film's release.

Free Essays on Describe The Religious Pendillum From Henry VIII To Elizabeth

Describe the religious pendulum from Henry VIII to Elizabeth Kim Moreland Arthur’s death meant that Henry now had a claim to the throne in 1509. Henry was announced as king at only 17 years of age. During this period England was in a time were people kept and carried out their own opinions about religion, this was as the previous king was no strong follower of religion. This however, was on the verge of changing now that Henry a strong Catholic was now in control. Early into his reign Henry married his late brothers widow Catherine of Aragon, he was forced to carry out this action in order to keep in close relations with Spain. Henry was in need of a son, if he was to put his mind at rest that he would be able to pass on the responsibility of king to one of his offspring. Catherine fell pregnant but did not produce him a son, she gave birth to soon to be ‘bloody’ Mary. Henry applied for a divorce but was denied this as the catholic pope did not believe in divorces. Whilst still married to Catherine Henry fell in love with a young Anne Boleyn. Henry began referring to himself as Cesar and soon the Catholic churches were forced to give into his requirements and so Henry was divorced from Catherine and free to marry Anne Boleyn. England was now a catholic country and Henry was the keen leader in this reformation. The pope was not seen as important as the King in England and so, this being a very big ego booster, Henry saw himself as the main leader of all the churches as well as the country. Before Henry’s reign all bibles were written in Latin until one man William Tyndale translated it into English. These bibles were banned from all the churches but still, people kept trying to smuggle these bibles into the churches. Tyndale and his bible were seen as a threat to the churches and to Henry. Due to the new English bible people could now make their own decisions and opinions about the bible and priests were no longe... Free Essays on Describe The Religious Pendillum From Henry VIII To Elizabeth Free Essays on Describe The Religious Pendillum From Henry VIII To Elizabeth Describe the religious pendulum from Henry VIII to Elizabeth Kim Moreland Arthur’s death meant that Henry now had a claim to the throne in 1509. Henry was announced as king at only 17 years of age. During this period England was in a time were people kept and carried out their own opinions about religion, this was as the previous king was no strong follower of religion. This however, was on the verge of changing now that Henry a strong Catholic was now in control. Early into his reign Henry married his late brothers widow Catherine of Aragon, he was forced to carry out this action in order to keep in close relations with Spain. Henry was in need of a son, if he was to put his mind at rest that he would be able to pass on the responsibility of king to one of his offspring. Catherine fell pregnant but did not produce him a son, she gave birth to soon to be ‘bloody’ Mary. Henry applied for a divorce but was denied this as the catholic pope did not believe in divorces. Whilst still married to Catherine Henry fell in love with a young Anne Boleyn. Henry began referring to himself as Cesar and soon the Catholic churches were forced to give into his requirements and so Henry was divorced from Catherine and free to marry Anne Boleyn. England was now a catholic country and Henry was the keen leader in this reformation. The pope was not seen as important as the King in England and so, this being a very big ego booster, Henry saw himself as the main leader of all the churches as well as the country. Before Henry’s reign all bibles were written in Latin until one man William Tyndale translated it into English. These bibles were banned from all the churches but still, people kept trying to smuggle these bibles into the churches. Tyndale and his bible were seen as a threat to the churches and to Henry. Due to the new English bible people could now make their own decisions and opinions about the bible and priests were no longe...

English Test Options for ESL Students

English Test Options for ESL Students Students need to take English tests, as well as other tests! Of course, learners need to take English tests at school, but they are often required to take English tests such as the TOEFL, IELTS, TOEIC or FCE. In a number of instances, you can decide which English test to take. This guide will help you begin to choose the best English test to take for your English learning needs and goals for both further education and career. Each of the major English tests is discussed and point towards more resources to study and prepare for these all important English tests. To begin with, here are the major tests and their full titles:   TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign LanguageIELTS - International English Language Testing SystemTOEIC - Test of English for International CommunicationFCE - First Certificate in EnglishCAE - Certificate in   Advanced EnglishBULATS - Business Language Testing Service These English tests are created by two companies that dominate the English learning system word wide: ETS and the University of Cambridge. TOEFL and TOEIC are provided by ETS and IELTS, FCE, CAE, and BULATS are developed by the University of Cambridge. ETS ETS stands for Educational Testing Service. ETS provides the TOEFL and the TOEIC test of English. It is an American company with headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey. ETS tests focus on North American English and computer based. Questions are almost exclusively multiple choice and ask you to choose from four choices based on information you have read, heard or have to deal with in some manner. Writing is also tested on the computer, so if you have difficulties typing you may have difficulties with these questions. Expect North American accents on all listening selections. University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge based in Cambridge, England is responsible for a wide range of English exams. However, the main international tests that are discussed in this overview are the IELTS the FCE and the CAE. For business English, the BULATS is also an option. Currently, the BULATS is not as popular as the other tests, but that may change in the future. The University of Cambridge is a dominate force in the entire English learning world, producing many English learning titles, as well as administering tests. Cambridge exams have a wide variety of question types including multiple choice, gap-fill, matching, etc. You will hear a wider variety of accents on University of Cambridge exams, but they tend towards British English. Your Objective The first and most important question to ask yourself when choosing your English test is: Why do I need to take an English test? Choose from the following for your answer: I need to take an English test for study at UniversityI need to take an English test to get a job or improve my careerI want to improve my overall skills in English, but not necessarily for a purpose such as getting a better job or going to a university Study for University If you need to take an English test for study at a university or in an academic setting you have a few choices. To focus solely on academic English, take the TOEFL or the IELTS academic. Both are used as qualifications for entrance into universities. There are some important differences. Many universities around the world now accept either test, but they are more common in certain countries. TOEFL - Most common exam for study in North American (Canada or United States)IELTS - Most common exam for study in Australia or New Zealand FCE and CAE are more general in nature but are often requested by universities throughout the European Union. If you live in the European Union, the best choice is either the FCE or the CAE. Free TOEFL Exam PreparationFree IELTS Exam PreparationFCE Exam PreparationCAE Exam Preparation Resources Study for Career If career motivations are the most important reason in your choice of English test, take either the TOEIC or the IELTS general test. Both of these tests are requested by many employers and test an understanding of English as used in the workplace, as opposed the academic English which is tested in the TOEFL and IELTS academic. Also, the FCE and CAE are excellent tests for developing overall English language skills in a wide range of areas. If your employer is not specifically asking for the TOEIC or the IELTS general, I would highly recommend considering the FCE or CAE. Free IELTS Exam Preparation General English Improvement If your goal in taking an English test is to improve your overall English, I would highly recommend taking the FCE (First Certificate in English) or, for more advanced learners, the CAE (Certificate in Advanced English). In my years of teaching English, I find these tests to be most representative of English usage skills. They test all aspects of English learning and the English tests themselves are very reflective of how you would use English in everyday life. Special Note: Business English If you have worked for a number of years and want to improve your English skills exclusively for Business purposes, the BULATS exam administered by the University of Cambridge is by far the best choice. For more information from the provider of these tests you can visit the following sites: TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language IELTS - International English Language Testing System TOEIC - Test of English for International Communication FCE - First Certificate in English CAE - Certificate in   Advanced English BULATS - Business Language Testing Service

Accounting assigment (Depreciation Memo) Assignment

Accounting assigment (Depreciation Memo) - Assignment Example To get the depreciation amount, subtract the scrap value from the cost of the machine and then divide it by the useful life of the machine (Weil, Schipper, and Francis, 2012). This method is simple to use. Its calculations are easy as the same amount of depreciation applies for each year. There is, therefore, no need for recalculating the value again unless there is a revaluation of the asset. It is also easy to forecast future income since you already know what your depreciation will be (Weil, Schipper, and Francis, 2012). The method tends to ignore the fact that assets lose value faster during the first years of use. Since the method applies uniform depreciation on the asset throughout its life, it may give a higher book value than the actual value. In later years, the asset may seem to offer more value than it gives. That is if depreciation is to form the basis of the assessment. Under this method, depreciation of an asset depends on the level of activity during that period. A period where the output level is high would record higher depreciation values comparative to years with low production. To get the amount of depreciation, divide the depreciable amount by the total expected units the machine would produce in its lifetime and then multiply the answer by the period’s production (Weil, Schipper, and Francis, 2012). The units-of-production method produces the closest estimate of depreciation to actual depreciation. Since it uses activity level as a basis for determination of depreciation, it fairly allocates depreciation to the periods as per the usage of the asset. In so doing, it matches the depreciation expense to revenue generated by the asset. In periods where there is no activity, there would be no depreciation. That is despite the fact that the asset would still lose value. The method may also not be applicable to assets whose relationship to production is not direct and hence will not depend on activity level. Assets such as